An appreciation of the potential of ct and its limitations can be obtained with an understanding of basic. As shown in the table, the technology of ct scanners has improved dramatically since the first scanner was introduced. Ct computed tomography uses xrays to obtain images. A computerized tomography is an xray imaging procedure in which a narrow beam of xrays is aimed at a patient and quickly rotated around the body. In this article, we will outline the basic science behind ct scans, describe the principles of interpretation, and highlight their advantages and drawbacks compared to other imaging techniques. Written by the chief physicist at johns hopkins university hospital, this easyto read short textbook explains the physics behind multidetector ct technology.
The book includes numerous key points summaries and questions to assist in. Cttechbootcamp is like no other computed tomography training and ce resource offered today. Presented in full color, with additional illustrations and highquality mri images to aid understanding. A single 360degree rotation of the tube is shaded in red. It generates a computer coding of a digital representation of an area of interest through a patient, a structure or an object. Ct scan protocols, ct protocols by manufacturer ge, siemens, phillips, toshiba. The basics technology, image quality and radiation dose. Computed tomography ct scanning is an extremely common imaging modality in modern medicine. Todays scanners can image the entire abdomen and pelvis of most adults, making a total of 80 ct images, in less than 30 seconds. The present book will try to explain the physical principle behind each of these imaging modalities, together with a description of how these are implemented. Ct uses xrays to generate crosssectional, twodimensional images. Offers, for the first time, equations and their explanations and scan tips. Written by the chief physicist at johns hopkins university hospital, this easytoread short textbook explains the physics behind multidetector ct technology.
An introduction to petct imaging1 vibhu kapoor, md barry m. Technical fundamentals of radiology and ct book iopscience. Instead, the slice is reconstructed by averaging ct projections taken 180 degrees apart which are separated along the scan axis based on the value of the pitch. Other important work such as that of herman, describes the reconstruction methods such as algebraic reconstruction technique art. In this work, we focus on the work and analytical methods. Ct computed tomography scans a level physics youtube. Referral forms and ct scan reports were obtained for 460 mhi patients from a sample of 497 patients, calculated by using the equation for estimating a single proportion from a large. Radiology is often a neglected component of the undergraduate curriculum.
The basics of ct ct imaging chain system components acquisition methods image quality applications 632014 hareesha n g, dept of aero engg, dsce 2 3. A reconstruction made from projections at neighboring scan axis positions in helical ct, the scanner never images a single slice. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts for each book and chapter. The computed tomography is a technique of acquisition of digital images projections. Introduction to ct physics image generation what is computed tomography ct. Medical imaging is a collection of technologies, all having the purpose of visualization of the interior of the intact, living human body for the purpose of diagnosis. Patient care and safety 36 items imaging procedures 75 items physics and instrumentation 54 items test takers will have 3 12 hours to complete the examination. Manufacturerspecific information on scanner features will be presented. Technical fundamentals of radiology and ct is intended to cover all issues related to radiology and computed tomography, from the technological point of view.
Basic principles of computed tomography physics and technical considerations kyongtae t. Since then, it has advanced rapidly and become the imaging exam of choice. Since the computerized image is sharp, focused, and threedimensional, many tissues can be better. Instead of film, ct scanners use special digital xray detectors, which are located directly opposite the xray source. Xray computed tomography mathematics and physics of. Complex clinical decisions about treatment of oncologic patients are largely guided by imaging. Basic physics of nuclear medicinexray ct in nuclear.
It commences with a chapter on a radionuclide radiologists perspective about the use of petct in his medical practice. Ct scans are created using a series of xrays, which are a form of radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum. Computed tomography ct was the first noninvasive radiological method allowing the generation of tomographic images of every part of the human body without superimposition of adjacent structures. The computed tomography ct procedure was introduced in the early 1970s.
During a ct scan, the patient lies on a bed that slowly moves through the gantry while the xray tube rotates around the patient, shooting narrow beams of xrays through the body. This book provides an overview of the evolution of ct, the mathematical and physical aspects of the technology, and the fundamentals of image reconstruction using algorithms. Written by the chief physicist at johns hopkins university hospital, this easytoread short textbook explains the physics behind multidetector ct technology, particularly newer, more complex technology. Radiology is a vast subject and there are tons of books available. Ct scans are generally used for studying the chest, abdomen and. Slices in helical ct are reconstructed by using interpolated data from two projections 180 degrees apart.
The goal of this book was not simply to summarize currently available ct imaging techniques but also to provide clinical perspectives, advances in hybrid technologies, new applications other than medicine and an. The focus is on principles of physics, effects of scan parameters on image quality, and optimum radiation dosage. We begin with various scanner designs and will explore a number of computational techniques relevant to this form of imaging. Plain films are given much more importance than crosssectional imaging, and rightly so. Brand new chapters on mri equipment, vascular imaging and safety.
Ct scanning ct protocols ct scan protocols imaging. Of all the books about computed tomography, this one is the best. Ct scanning techniques and applications intechopen. Even more importantly, a contrast resolution could be achieved that for the first time in radiology permitted the differentiation of soft tissue inside the highly attenuating skull. Key quotes from journal articles as well as key facts on ct and imaging. Filtered back projection 2 filtered back projection 3 filtered back.
Xray computed tomography ct has experienced tremendous growth in recent years, in terms of both basic technology and new clinical applications. It uses special xray equipment to make crosssectional pictures of your body. A basic description of the mechanism of ct computed tomography scans for medical use in remote sensing. Ct scans for dummies a basic overview of the ct scanner. The table slowly passes through the center of a large xray machine. Torok, md cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries such as the united states. Computed tomography ct is described as an imaging procedure that uses special xray equipment to create detailed scans of areas inside the body. The physics of mri are complicated and much harder to understand than those underpinning image generation in plain radiography, ct or ultrasound what follows is a very abbreviated, broad strokes description of the process. This chapter provides an overview of the physical aspects of xray ct scanning from a nuclear medicine perspective. Free radiology books download ebooks online textbooks. Since the first ct scanner was developed in 1972 by sir godfrey hounsfield, the modality has become established as an essential radiological technique applicable in a wide range of clinical situations. Visit for more stuff images, videos, lectures, downloads, articles. Slice counts dual source, 320 slice, 256 slice, 128 slice, 64 slice, 16 slice, 4.
In the medical community they simply call them ct scans, because axial, as youll find out, is unnecessary in the title. The intention is to provide a foundation for understanding the application of xray ct in nuclear medicine. While it is certainly not a primary text for understanding the basics of. A listing of the best cme courses available which just happens to be our hopkins ct courses quiz of the month. Whiting introduction slightly more than three decades old, computed tomography ct continues to advance rapidly in both imaging performance and widening clinical applications. Practical physics, artifacts, and pitfalls 1st edition. Additionally, the case explanations are easy to understand no matter your understanding of basic physics. The ct scanner allows for thin crosssectional views of body organs and tissues, using noninvasive radiographic techniques. Learn the basics of ct, mri and ultrasound radiology cafe. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. When placed in an external magnetic field, the spins align with the external field. The amount of detail in the image has increased sixfold since 1970.
Computed tomography ct scanning, also known as, especially in the older literature and textbooks, computerized axial tomography cat scanning, is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses xrays to build crosssectional images slices of the body. This is an important starting point because it makes a clear statement about how petct is evolving in a particular country with a view to providing a routine service. The methodological basis used for describing 2d and 3d image reconstruction was presented in detail in the work of kak and slantay and rosenfeld and kak. This webinar course will provide an opportunity for medical physicists to increase their understanding of computed tomography, advanced features of scanners, and of the accreditation process. Scan an isbn with your phone use the amazon app to scan isbns and compare prices. However, it is important for junior doctors to be able to identify certain important pathology on crosssectional imaging, particularly in. Now with a greater focus on the physics behind mri. The ct exam contains 185 multiplechoice questions of which twenty 20 are trial questions that do not count for or against you.
Choose from used and new textbooks or get instant access with etextbooks and digital materials. This chapter focuses on the techniques of ct imaging and covers equipment used to acquire an image, how the image is formed and. Prerequisite for this course is arrt or nmtcb registration or state licensure. Crosssections are reconstructed from measurements of attenuation coefficients of xray beams in the volume of the object studied. With advancements in technology, it is rapidly replacing many diagnostic radiographic procedures. The risks of ct scans in relation to radiation dose and contrast. It examines image display from traditional methods through the most recent. While it is certainly not a primary text for understanding the basics of radiological physics, i would recommend this to anyone studying.
Welcome to part 2 in my series of the physics of medical imaging. When selecting the webinar option, register 7 days in advance. Computed tomography ct scanning, also known as, especially in the older literature and textbooks, computerized axial tomography cat scanning, is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses x rays to build crosssectional images slices of the body. Test your understanding of this concept by taking the quiz below and acing that upcoming final exam. Essentially, the process can be broken down into four parts. In this book alex mamourian uses early ct technology to explain the fundamentals of ct imaging and then builds on that base to explain how. Since its introduction in 1972, xray computed tomography ct has evolved into an essential diagnostic imaging tool for a continually increasing variety of clinical applications. Basic principles of ct scanning linkedin slideshare. The quiz below is designed to help you revise what you know about ct physics and instrumentation. Basic principles of computed tomography physics and. The scanner emits xrays towards the patient from a variety of angles and the detectors in the scanner measure the difference between the xrays that are absorbed by the body, and xrays that are transmitted through the body. Ct scanner uses a motorized xray source that rotates around the circular opening of a donutshaped structure called a gantry.